十、一般将来时（The Simple Future /The Future Indefinite Tense）

    1. 构成
    shall/will+动词原形（shall用于第一人称；will用于第二、三人称，也用于第一人称）
    2. 功能
    ZZ1 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
    I shall be late home tonight. 我今晚会晚回家。
    He will graduate from Harvard University next year. 他明年哈佛大学毕业。
    ZZ2 表示将来反复发生的动作，也表示倾向、习惯、必然发生的事
    Spring will come again. 春天会重返人间。
    Oil and water will not mix. 油和水不能混合。
    These things will happen. 这样的事总会发生的。
    The students will have five English classes per week this term. 本学期学生每周将要上五节英语课。
    3. 可以表示将来时的其他结构或时态及其用法
    ZZ1 be going to+动词原形
    这种结构表示决定、打算要做什么事，或有迹象表明即将发生、可能会出现什么情况，有趋势，注定会，不限于指人的活动。例如：
    I am going to buy a new coat this winter. 今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。
    Look at the cloud！It's going to rain. 瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。
    The ice is going to break!冰就要破了！
    The car is going to turn over. 车要翻了。
    There is going to be a thunderstorm. 将有一场雷暴。
    Is it going to be fine tomorrow? 明天天会晴吗？
    Tomorrow is going to be another cold day. 明天天气仍然很寒冷。
    I'm going to live in the country when I retire. 我退休后要到乡下去住。
    The moon is going to come out soon. 月亮快要升起了。
    I think I'm going to have a cold. 我觉得我要感冒了。
    Watch it! That wall is going to fall. 当心！那堵墙要倒了！
    The house is going to collapse. 这房子快要塌了。
    It's going to be very hot tomorrow. 明天将很热。
    Are you going to be gone long? 你要离开很久吗？
    What's going to become of her? 她会怎样呢？
    Tonight is going to be a great night in the history of mankind. 今晚将永载史册。
    The journey is going to be difficult. 这次旅行将极为艰难。
    This question is going to be very complex. 这个问题将会很复杂。
    I'm going to be better next week. 下周我会好起来了。
    You're going to get scolded. 你会受到责备的。
    She's going to have a hard time. 她将会有一段艰难的日子。
    Jack feels he's going to fail the entrance examination. 杰克觉得他通不过入学考试。
    We're going to crash. 我们要撞车了。
    I'm going to be sick. 我要吐了。
    Look out! The water is going to boil over. 当心，水要溢出来了。
    Look out! The bomb is going to explode. 注意，炸弹就要炸了。
    Be careful! You're going to break the branch! 小心，你快要把树枝弄断了。
    【提示】
    ① 注意下面的句子：
    I was going to see you after work, but I won't be able to now. 我本打算下班后去看你的，但现在看来，我不能去了。（过去当时的打算，预计）
    She had been going to meet you at the airport, but her car broke down. 她本想去机场接你的，可是她的车子坏了。（had been going to do表示“过去打算做而没做成的事”）
    She had been going to take her son to the concert that night, but she had a headache. 她那晚本打算带儿子去听音乐会的，但她头痛没有去。
    He's been going to write the paper for months. 他几个月来一直想写那篇论文。（have been going to do表示“一直打算做某事”）
    He's been going to have finished writing the book by the time he is fifty. 他一直想在他50岁之前写完这本书的。（be going to have done sth. 表示“打算在……之前完成某事”）
    I'm going to be traveling for a month. 我要出去旅行一个月。（be going to后可接不定式进行式）
    I'll be going to have my own ways from now on. 从现在起，我要按自己的方法行事。（be going to可用将来时形式）
    ② 比较：
    She's going to arrive late for the meeting.
    这次开会，她会迟到的。（他人的客观预计）
    这次开会，她打算迟些到。（她本人的主观意向）
    ③ be going to do可用于指将来的条件从句中，表示预定发生、打算做的事。有时，be going to do也可用于带条件从句的复合句的主句中，表示某条件下预计必定发生某种情况。例如：
    If he comes, there's going to be trouble. 要是他来，准出乱子。
    I'm going to resign if things don't improve. 如果情况没有好转，我将要辞职。
    You are going to find yourself in difficulty if you carry on like this. 如果你继续这样下去，你会身陷困境的。
    If you're expecting sympathy from her, you're going to be disappointed. 如果你想得到她的同情，你要失望的。
    If you're going to file a lawsuit against the oil company, you'd better consult the lawyer. 如果你要对那家石油公司提起诉讼，你最好咨询一下律师。
    ④ be going to 可表示“早已决定或打算”。例如：
    I was going to buy a car. Would you agree？我早就想买一辆车，你同意吗？
    ⑤ be going to通常用于动态动词，也用于have或be，但一般不与静态动词连用，如think，hope，want，believe，like, hear, know, forget, hate, interest, understand, wonder, belong, prefer等。但某些静态动词转而表示动态，或为了加强语气等，又可用于be going to结构。例如：
    I'm going to hate the weather here. （一般不说）
    She's never going to forget it. （一般不说）
    He is going to like the food. （一般不说）
    I wonder if he's going to know you. （一般不说）
    The TV play is going to interest you. （一般不说）
    He's going to know the secret. 他一定要把那个秘密弄清楚。（find out）
    You're going to hate the weather here. （我看）你会讨厌这里的天气的。（客观预计，可用于状态动词）
    He failed in the exam；he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper. 他没考及格，他一看试卷就知道考不及格。
    The voters aren't going to like him. 选民不会喜欢他的。
    I'm going to be 30 next week. 我下周就满30岁了。
    ⑥ be going to 有时可以表示建议、询问或命令。例如：
    What are we going to do about it?关于那件事我们该怎么办呢？
    Don't regret over it. We're going to have another try. 不要后悔了，我们再试一次吧。
    You're going to stop sirring me. 你不要总叫我“先生”了。
    You are going to do as I tell you. 你必须按我说的办。
    You're going to rise early tomorrow morning. 你明天早上要早起。
    Now you're going to hurry. 现在你要快点了。
    What's going to become of her? 她会怎样呢？
    ZZ2 be going to和will等的比较
    （1）will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体时间，可以指遥远的将来；而be going to指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定会发生，表示客观事情的发展。例如：
    Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing. 听那风声，我们横渡时一定困难很大。
    There is going to be a quarrel between them，l think. 看来他们两人要发生争吵了。
    I believe China will become one of the richest countries in the world. 我相信，中国将会成为世界上最富的国家之一。
    He will get better. 他的病会好的。（即认为最终会恢复健康，而不是马上恢复健康）
    He is going to get better. 他的病就要好了。（指有恢复的迹象）
    Don't stand on that rock. It's going to fall. 不要站在那块岩石上，它要倒了。（迹象）
    Don't stand on that rock. It will fall. 不要站在那块岩石上，它会倒的。（因果关系）
    （2）be going to和will均可表示“意图”，但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑的意图用will。比较：
    A：Why have you torn the letter into pieces？你为什么把信撕了？
    B：I am going to rewrite it. 我准备重新写。（事先考虑的，不用will）
    A：It is really a big stone. 这的确是一块大石头。
    B：I will help you to move it. 我来帮你搬一下。（非经考虑的，不用be going to）
    （3）be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来，而will不能。例如：
    If you are going to attend the meeting，you'd better leave now. （不用will）
    【提示】will 表示“意愿，坚持，拒绝，推论”时，可用于条件句中，参阅有关部分。例如：
    If you will listen to me, I'll give you some advice. 如果你愿意听我的，我就给你提些建议。
    ZZ3 现在进行时
    某些动词的现在进行时可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的事，预计要发生的事，或最近将要发生的事。常用的有：join，play，eat，work，return，take，wear，meet，move，sleep，have，do，stay，arrive，leave，speak，start，come等。例如：
    We are having a meeting this morning. 我们今天上午要开一个会。（计划）
    The plane is taking off at 10. 飞机将于10点起飞。
    I'm having porridge for supper. 我晚饭吃粥。
    What time is she leaving? 她什么时候走？
    She's having puppies soon. 这狗儿不久就要生崽了。
    We are getting married in April. 我们4月结婚。
    Allen's not going far in literature. 艾伦搞文学前途不大。
    John's joining the army next week. 约翰下周入伍。
    I'm taking Jane out for dinner tonight. 今晚我要带简出去吃饭。
    We are moving to a new hotel this evening. 今晚我们要搬到一家新的宾馆去。
    She's lecturing on Shakespeare's sonnets next. 接下来她将讲述莎士比亚的十四行诗。
    I'm planting more apple trees in the coming spring. 来年春天我将种植更多的苹果树。
    I'm meeting Jack at the station at four tomorrow afternoon. 我明天下午4点钟要去车站接杰克。（含有约好的含义）
    JJ 现在进行时可用于if从句中表示将来。例如：
    If it is snowing in the afternoon, we'll stay indoors. 如果下午下雪，我们就待在室内。
    JJ 事物名词meeting, concert, train等作主语时，要用一般现在时表示将来，而不用现在进行时。例如：
    The train leaves at 8:15. 火车8点15分开。
    The meeting starts at 3 in the afternoon. 会议在下午3点开始。
    【提示】
    ① be going to表示说话前考虑过的意图(intend)，现在进行时表示事先安排的动作(plan)。比较：
    玛丽和简今晚要见面。
    Mary and Jane are going to meet tonight. (have an intention to)
    Mary and Jane are meeting tonight. (have arranged this)
    ② 有迹象表明将要发生某一动作，不是人安排的动作，要用be going to，不用现在进行时。例如：
    I feel dizzy，I think I am going to faint. 我感到晕眩，我想我要昏倒了。（不可说I am fainting. I am to faint. I shall faint.）
    我忍不住要哭。
    I'm afraid I'm crying. ［×］（“感到要哭”不是人安排的）
    I'm afraid I'm going to cry. ［√］
    树叶快要落了。
    The trees are losing their leaves soon. ［×］
    The trees are going to lose their leaves soon. ［√］ （树落叶非人所确定的自然现象）
    ZZ4 be+不定式
    （1） 这种结构或表示计划、安排，或用来征求意见。例如：
    Am I to take over his work？我是不是要接管他的工作？
    The highway is to be opened in May. 这条公路5月通车。
    The President is to have a holiday. 总统将休假。
    When is the opening ceremony to be? 开幕式什么时候举行？
    They are to be married in October. 他们打算10月结婚。
    There are to be several high-ranking officials at the conference. 将有几名高官出席会议。
    There is to be another demonstration tonight. 今天晚上还要进行游行示威。
    The hotel is to be ninety-eight storeys in height. 这家饭店将高达98层。
    We were to have gone away last week but I was ill. 我们本打算上周走，可是我病了。（用不定式完成式表示“本来打算”）
    JJ 但是，如果不是人、人世所能安排的动作，就不能用be to do句型表示将要发生。例如：
    今晚会有很好的月光。
    There is to be a bright moon tonight. ［×］（某夜是否有月光，非人所能安排）
    There is going to be a bright moon tonight. ［√］
    他要胖起来了。
    He's to be fat. ［×］
    He's going to be fat. ［√］
    （2）表示应该怎么做或应该发生什么，也表示命令、禁止、义务或可能性（表示情态意义），接近should, could, must, ought to, have to等。例如：
    What am I to tell her when she finds out? 要是她发现了，我将怎样对她说呢？（should）
    You are to be blamed for your carelessness. 都怪你粗心，闹成这样。（should）
    He is more to be pitied than blamed. 他更应该得到怜悯而不是责备。（should）
    The children are to be in bed when we get home. 我们到家时，孩子们就得睡觉。（must）
    Nobody is to know. 不可让任何人知道。（must）
    You are not to smoke in the room. 你不可在房间里抽烟。（must）
    No one is to leave the office without permission. 不经允许，任何人不得离开办公室。（may,can）
    Suppose he comes here, What am I to tell him? 假如他来这里，我该对他说些什么？（should）
    Am I to understand that you're coming? 我理解，你明天来，对吗？
    In future you are not to go out alone. 你今后不得一个人出去了。（must）
    Not a cloud was to be seen. 一丝云也看不见。（could）
    We Chinese people are not to be bullied. 我们中国人是不容欺辱的。（can）
    Not a sound was to be heard. 一点声音也听不见。
    We searched everywhere but the ring was not to be found. 我们哪儿都找了，但就是找不到那枚戒指。（could）
    （3） 表示不可避免将要发生的事，必然要发生的事，后来将发生的事。例如：
    Better days are soon to follow. 好日子肯定会很快来到。
    The worst is still to come. 更糟的还在后头。
    This I was only to hear later. 这事我后来才知道。
    The best is yet to be. 最好的还在后头呢。
    What is to become of him? 他会怎样呢？
    I am yet to see her smile. 我一定还会看到她的笑脸的。
    He was never to see his children again. 他再也见不到他的孩子们了。
    The discovery is to have a major effect on the treatment of heart disease. 这个发现对心脏病的治疗将产生重大影响。
    As a young man he didn't know that he was to become famous later on. 他年轻时没有想到自己后来会成名。
    （4） 用于if条件句，表示“如果想，设想”，相当于want to, should等；也可用于带if条件句的复合句的主句中；还可用于if引导的虚拟条件句中。例如：
    If we are to be there in time, we'll have to hurry up. 如果要及时赶到那里，我们得抓紧时间。
    If anyone is to hear you, you must speak up. 如果让大家都听得见，你就必须大声讲。
    If the moon were to come out，they could set off tonight. 要是月亮出来了，他们今晚就能动身。
    What am I to say if she asks me about the money? 要是她问到那笔钱，我该怎么说呢？
    If anyone were to faint from the heat，send him to hospital at once. 如果有人热昏了，就立即送往医院。
    Stronger measures are needed to protect the environment if mankind is to survive. 如果人类要继续生存下去，就需要采取更强有力的措施来保护环境。
    ZZ5 be about+不定式
    这种结构表示即将发生的动作，句中不可用表示未来时间的状语。例如：
    He is about to be transferred there. 他即将被调往那里。
    Sit down everyone. The film's about to start. 大家坐下，电影马上开始。
    I met her in the doorway just as she was about to go away. 她正要离开时，我在门口遇见了她。
    演讲就要开始了。
    The lecture is about to begin. ［√］
    The lecture is about to begin soon. ［×］
    ZZ6 一般现在时
    be 动词以及come，go，begin，leave，sail，arrive，return，start，stop，end，open，stay等的一般现在时，可以表示将来时间，指根据规定预计要发生的动作或事态。例如：
    When does the show begin？表演什么时候开始？
    I'm busy tomorrow. 明天我将很忙。
    The new term starts on 18th February. 新学期2月28日开始。
    We have dinner with the Smiths on Friday. 我们星期五将同史密斯夫妇一起吃饭。
    ZZ7 on the point/ verge/ eve/ brink of
    表示即将发生的事。例如：
    He is on the point of making a round-the-world tour. 他即将去周游世界。
    The country is on the brink of disaster. 那个国家正处于灾难的边缘。
    The two countries are on the verge of war. 这两个国家正濒于战争。
    ZZ8 be about to和be not about to的差异
    be about to意为“正要，马上就……”，be not about to意为“不愿意，不打算”，两者不可混淆。例如：
    He is about to come out. Please wait a moment. 他马上就出来，请等一会儿。
    John is not about to do that again. 约翰不愿意再做那件事了。(＝not willing to)
    I am not about to stop when I'm so close to success. 我已成功在即，不愿停下来。
    ZZ9 几种结构的比较
    比较下面句子的不同含义：
    I shall sail for the desert island. 我将航行到那个荒岛上去。（单纯未来）
    I will sail for the desert island. 我想要航行到那个荒岛上去。（意愿）
    I sail for the desert island next week. 我下周航行到那个荒岛上去。（计划）
    I am sailing for the desert island next Friday. 我下周五航行到那个荒岛上去。（事先安排，较随便的说法）
    I am to sail for the desert island. 我要航行到那个荒岛上去。（事先安排，较正式）
    I am about to sail for the desert island. 我就要航行到那个荒岛上去。（快发生的事）
    I am on the point of sailing for the desert island. 我即将航行到那个荒岛上去。（即将发生的事）
    I shall be sailing for the desert island. 我就要航行到那个荒岛上去了。（随意亲切的说法）
    【提示】
    ① will的否定用法可以表示拒绝做某事，用于物时，好像无生命的物有了意志力。例如：
    The door won't shut. 这门关不上。
    ② will/would重读，可表示批评或不满的意味。例如：
    The boy will leave his toys about. 那孩子总是把玩具到处乱扔。
    ③ will I?和will we?可以用来回答对方的询问，表示“当然可以，那还用问”等，有时也可表示对将来事实的询问。例如：
    A: Will you do me a favour?帮个忙好吗？
    B: Will I?Of course I will. 当然可以。
    A: You will try again，won't you？你要再作努力，是吗？
    B: Will I?那还用问。
    Jim，what will I say to her?吉姆，我向她说些什么呢？
    比较：
    Will we stay here over the night？我们将在这里过夜吗？（表示询问，相当于Do you know whether we will stay here over the night？）
    Shall we stay here over the night？我们在这里过夜吗？（表示建议，相当于Do you want to stay here over the night?）
    ④ shall和will 常可缩写为'll，但当它们位于句首、句尾或跟在one，someone，none，people等后时，不可缩写，表示强调时也不可缩写。例如：
    People will live better in the future. 人们将来会生活得更好。
    You will regret it some day. 你有一天肯定会后悔的。（强调）